Gordon Allport An American Psychologist Psychology Essay

Gordon Allport An American Psychologist Psychology Essay Psychologyâ ofâ the lackâ of interestâ andâ limitedâ methods, in general,â failsâ toâ discloseâ or studyâ of theâ integrityâ and consistency ofâ the characters that actually exist. The most noteworthy drawbackâ of a psychologistâ at the presentâ timeâ isâ hisâ inability toâ prove the truthâ ofâ what heâ knows. Gordon Allport is a remarkable figure in the realm of brain research, and now there is not really a book on brain science of character without a unique part on his hypothesis, or if nothing else references to it. Having encountered the effect of various schools, Allport didn't really have a place with any of them, and made his own. He accepted that the complete hypothesis of character can be made by joining the accomplishments of various logical fields, and in this manner, obviously, has earned various allegations of eclecticism. Today, such allegations can be seen more as recognition, for the fate of logical brain research all the more unmistakably found in a fair position instead of in a restriction of antagonists. In supporting such a position Allport assumed a significant job, and now has a better than average spot of respect in the exhibition of experts of psychology. His influenceâ onâ the brain science ofâ the worldâ can not be overestimated.â Allportâ refers to a rareâ type ofâ systematizers, heâ wasâ perhapsâ the smartestâ personâ of thoseâ whoâ engaged in the brain research ofâ personality,â a manâ with imagination,â but theâ most strikingâ feature of Allportâ wasâ logical thinking. Allport introducedâ intoâ the brain research a lotâ of new thoughts, he smoothed outâ the extremesâ andâ overcome the logical inconsistencies ofâ the science,â that is the reason heâ can appropriately beâ called oneâ of theâ dialectically-mindedâ psychologists. He was oftenâ calledâ eclectic,â and he agreedâ withâ it,â specifyingâ that eclecticismâ in thisâ senseâ wasâ not a vice,â but a veryâ productiveâ methodâ of explore. (Evans, 1971, p.19) Perhapsâ few peopleâ can beâ comparedâ with himâ on the number ofâ ideasâ that are includedâ in textbooksâ onâ theoriesâ of personality,â andâ inâ the mainâ bodyâ of knowledgeâ of character psychology. Allport was behind theâ theory ofâ traits,â humanisticâ psychology,â wrote the first textbookâ onâ the synthesisâ of character psychology,â has legalizedâ the introductionâ to the academicâ scienceâ of qualitativeâ methods,â research problemsâ such asâ personalâ maturity, vision, self-completion, religiosity.â Heâ did not makeâ discoveries or breakthroughs,â has not made aâ school or any new paradigm,â butâ in numerous respectsâ heâ is credited withâ creatingâ the brain science of personalityâ as aâ particular subjectâ areaâ â itâ is no distortion toâ call him theâ architect ofâ personality brain science. During his lifetime Allport figured out how to get a wide range of respects: he was chosen as the leader of the American Psychological Association (1939), leader of Society of the Study of Social Problems, got the honor for exceptional commitment to science (1964), and so forth. In any case, in his personal history he conceded that among theâ numerous logical qualifications the most important to him was the prize given to him in 1963, a two-volume assortment of works of 55 of his previous alumni understudies with the engraving from the understudies with appreciation for the regard for their singularity. The rundown of Allports distributions incorporates his audits and introductions to different people groups books, as he was occupied with the instructive action: he advanced the American science with thoughts of personology of W. Harsh, Psychology of the soul of E. Spranger and Gestalt K. Koffka, W. Kohler and M. Wertheimer. He had the option to survey the hugeness for brain science of the thoughts of existentialism, and bolstered the foundation of the Association of Humanistic Psychology.â  Another unmistakable element of logical style of Allport is to be consistently on the front line of social issues of the time, since he needed to consider what was progressively significant for people. In numerous particular territories he has made articles and books: the Psychology of expressive developments, brain science radio, bits of gossip brain research, brain research of war, the brain research of religion, and his 600-page work committed to the idea of partiality for right around 50 years remains the fundamental wellspring of the issue, and its pertinence just increments. Gordon Allport Biography Gordon Willard Allport was conceived on November 11, 1897 in Montezuma, Indiana. He was the most youthful of four children of John and Nellie Allport. His father was an unassuming and not extremely effective specialist, his private facility was arranged inside the dividers of his own house. Allports mother was a teacher, and, above all, a sincere and devout lady, and she thought the offspring of sensible, methodical and prudent life skills. And the character of Gordon was framed to a great extent affected by an exacting, however accommodating maternal morality.â Gordon in 1915 went to Harvard, and from that point started 50 years of his coordinated effort with Harvard University. At Harvard, the scholarly capacities of Gordon turned in full power and picked up focus. In corresponding with the brain research he managed social morals since the beginning his advantage was isolated among brain science and the more extensive social setting, and not coincidentally in the 30 years he made at Harvard the Department of Social Relations, an interdisciplinary by its very nature, with manufactured methodologies of brain research, humanism and anthropology.â An unmistakable element of the logical viewpoint of Allport was a quite large effect on him of European brain science, particularly of William Stern, Eduard Spranger, and Gestalt brain research (in numerous regards this was brought about by remaining of youthful researcher in Europe in the mid 1920s). Influenced by these thoughts, Allport, having been occupied with a 1920 in investigation of the issues of character brain science, particularly of character characteristics and expressive developments, he immediately understood the need to think about the entire character, instead of its parts. After returning to Harvard, Allport at the period of 24â wrote his doctorateâ in brain science, however the keyâ ideas ofâ his workâ wereâ presentedâ to themâ a year earlierâ inâ the article Personality traits: their order andâ measurement,â written jointlyâ withâ his brother Floyd, andâ publishedâ in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. In the following two years Allport went to the temporary position in Europe first in Germany, where he worked with M. Wertheimer, V. Kohler, W. Harsh, C. Stumpf, and afterward for a brief timeframe in England, at Cambridge. Drawing on close to home involvement in work with bosses of German brain science, he later at home has for quite some time been a main master around there and the mediator of their thoughts. In 1924 he came back to Harvard, where he started to peruse a totally new course of character psychology. It is critical to take note of that up to that point, numerous analysts considered issues in the hypothesis of character not as psychological. The last advancement around there has happened in 1937, after distribution of the Allports significant monograph Personality: a mental study. In it the creator (incidentally, some time before the notable hypothesis of Maslow) was first to examine a solid character and depicted its fundamental highlights. Allports assortment of works Personality in Psychology presents a wide scope of his inclinations: medical problems, religion and strange notion, social preferences, just as the fundamental methodological issues of psychology. In his work, which was reflected in 12 books and in excess of 200 articles, he attempted to catch the multifaceted nature of human presence in the contemporary social setting and unfalteringly would not follow the in vogue precepts of his calling, showing duty to the creative and efficient diversity. During his profession, Allport was granted with practically all the formal attire of a clinician: he was chosen leader of the American Psychological Association (1939), President of the mental investigation of social issues, in 1963 he was granted the Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation, in 1964, APA got an honor for remarkable contributionâ in science.â Allports way to deal with character Allport was the first in the realm of brain research to fabricate a comprehensive hypothetical information on the logical brain research of personality. His book Personality: a mental understanding, which was distributed in 1937, denoted the start of the scholarly character psychology. Personality, by Allport, is a powerful association of psycho-physical frameworks of the person, which characterizes a one of a kind adjustment of the person to his condition. (Allport, 1937) G. Allport hypothesis of character is a blend of humanistic and individual ways to deal with the investigation of human behavior. Humanistic approach lies trying to distinguish all parts of people, and individual methodology is reflected in an exertion of G. Allport to comprehend and anticipate the improvement of the genuine, explicit person. One of the fundamental proposes of the hypothesis of G. Allport is that character is open and self-developing. People as a matter of first importance are a social creatures and along these lines can not create without contacts with others and society. Here comes the Allport dismissal of analysis on the opposing, threatening relations between the individual and society. In this case, G. Allport contended that the correspondence of character and society isn't taking a stab at offset with the medium, yet for systems administration and interaction. Thus, he s

Buy Nothing Day free essay sample

â€Å"Buy Nothing Day†, a day where individuals are encouraged to buy no merchandise, means well, however may really have even more a negative impact than a positive one. Truly, this one day may elevate attention to the issues of overconsumption, yet it could hurt the economy considerably more. Likewise, individuals go through cash each day on water and power, in this manner the individuals who don’t purchase anything on this day are in reality despite everything paying for these administrations. Generally speaking, the day means well, yet could really accomplish more mischief than anything. The idea of a day liberated from spending may, from the outset, appear to be a splendid thought, as overconsumption and defilement brought about by huge partnerships is irrefutable. Huge organizations, for example, Wal-Mart, reliably abuse ecological laws, come up short on workers, and just consideration about benefits. In principle, this day could bring issues to light, however it doesn’t reprimand all spending, which is for all intents and purposes unimaginable. We will compose a custom paper test on Purchase Nothing Day or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For one thing, the vast majority in the countries that would partake in such a day have running water and power. A day genuinely without spending would be without these things that are practically important in today’s society. What are you expected to do in the event that you come up short on gas on your approach to work? Gas, alongside other spending because of occupations, is fundamental. For individuals truly sick in medical clinics, would they say they should quit paying for their life-sparing medications for a day? There are various models where this day is difficult to execute. In any event, for the individuals who can really complete this day, it isn’t difficult to discard going through for one day if a large number of members can play with the iPads they had bought on an earlier day. Purchase Nothing Day† would be incredibly damaging of the world’s economy. In the event that this day had the option to be executedto the level that coordinator might want, at that point each organization and store wouldn’t have any deals that day. The stores would in any case need to pay their representatives, in any case, and pay for the entirety of the offices utilized that day. Each entrepreneur would lose cash, and thus drive costs up the following day. This would be amazingly destructive to the costs of things, for example, gas, which could heighten in cost drastically on account of â€Å"Buy Nothing Day. The world would take care of such a day. While the individuals who composed the day ought to be perceived for their accomplishments, they may not understand the genuine results of their activities. They mean well, yet such an extraordinary thought requires more than goals to succeed. A â€Å"Buy Nothing Day† could have the ability to superfluously harm the economy, taking into account that nearly everybody realizes that debasement exists in the business world. On the off chance that such a day were to be more idea out, it might turn out to be significantly more fruitful in years to come.

Junior Year The First Week

Junior Year The First Week In comparing the beginnings of each of my academic years, Ive noticed that my outlook on things has changed dramatically. It can be summarized thusly: Freshman year: Woohooooo MIT is gonna be so cool! Just four years of this and Im gonna run the w-OH MY GOD WHAT IS HAPPENING THINGS ARE HARD Sophomore year: What? Classes start tomorrow  and theres already a reading assigned for 5.13? This is nonsense. This year is going to be nonsense. Junior year: Ha! A few days before classes started, I made sure there wasnt a single thing on Stellar* that I didnt know about. I even read the first chapter of each textbook. Bring it, junior year. BRING IT. Where did all of that energy come from? Id say it came from the many things I have to look forward to. For starters, Ive slogged through the majority of my GIRs and my premed requirements and while all of them were intriguing in their own way, only a few were classes that fall into my major (Brain and Cognitive Sciences) or proposed concentration (Philosophy, which could easily become a minor with some work). Dont get me wrong: Im fascinated by aspects of all of the sciences with which Ive been acquainted, but now, Im starting to take the classes that I had my heart set on. There isnt quite an experience that could ever replace that. Its mind-expanding, and something completely new and appealing. Its likewatching Breaking Bad for the first time (which, incidentally, I started doing a couple weeks ago thanks to Netflix and Amazon Video. Im now completely caught up and am awaiting the sixth and final season.) It also helps that Ive got an enviable class schedule. Just take a look! Since fall classes always begin on the Wednesday after Labor Day, Ive only had something from 3 out of 4 of my classes. Even so, I already have something to look forward to for all four of them. Let me run down the classes and whats happened so far. 24.900: Introduction to Linguistics A very long time ago, I told you guys about my linguistics research with QRLG. That particular stint lasted close to a year, and actually got to some pretty exciting highs including writing an abstract and drafting a longer paper, two mock presentations, and so on before some things that came up in my life made it too difficult to keep hammering out research. (Incidentally, the blogging also got pretty sparse around that time.) Though that story didnt have a picture perfect ending, Im still quite familiar with several concepts in phonology and phonotactics, research methods in linguistics, and some other stuff. Consequently, I have an edge in this class that I wouldnt otherwise enjoy. Even so, 24.900 will allow me to get some provisional answers as to why, even as someone who scarcely knows a word of Afrikaans, one of the languages that my parents speak fluently, I am able to get the gist of their conversation. Context clues and some close cognates probably, but I get the sneaking suspicion that some other things are helping, too. For one, I think the syntax (the proper formation of sentences) of Afrikaans is comparable to that of English. One major arc of assignments in 24.900 concerns the study of a language that you dont speak which will be documented in p-sets and even a report or two so Ill be able to use a few experiments to confirm or deny my hypotheses about Afrikaans. And then for once! Ill be able to say to them that I actually know something about the language that they speak. 24.241: Logic I In my logic professors own words, after taking Logic I, Youll come to see why people reason so badly. However, this class isnt meant to be an overview of logical fallacies. For 24.241, its a much more academic that started out by learning the language of sentential logic, how certain functions used in sentential logic are symbolized (as connectives, or words like and, or, not, and ifthen), and the form and features of arguments. Logic is one of those interesting disciplines that attracts students from a variety of majors. For the first time ever, I found a couple of pure philosophy majors in a class; joining them were math majors, computer science majors, and a few others who didnt fit in any of the above categories. I have no doubts that everyone there has something they want to take out of it, since principles of logic crop up pretty much everywhere. In my person-whos-concentrating-in-philosophy point of view, one of the implied, overarching goals of the course is to acquire the tools needed to analyze ones beliefs, and thus to be able to achieve a harmony that exists when ones beliefs are consistent with each other. Well see how that holds up as I go through the course. 9.12: Neurobiology Lab Classes like 9.12 are some of the most powerful reminders of why Im here. Im one of the only people in my lab section that has no hands-on experience with molecular biology methods in the lab; even so, that wont be a disadvantage. In fact, on the first day, the 9.12 professor explicitly said that its all about what you learn, the effort that you put in, and the willingness to grow as a scientist that you exhibit. To someone uninitiated in neurobio lab methods like me, thats a relief. How often is it that you can say that you were in a place where it was okay to take risks, even with things that appear esoteric at first glance? To make things even better, we started out with a low-key lab on the first day. In a virtual walkthrough of what our wet lab assignment will be next week, we conducted some cDNA and genomic blasting of some digital sequences, as well as some sequence identification and translation of mRNAs. Should I end up pursuing any additional molecular neurobio research, Ill be benefiting from the work of a ton of other scientists that helped assemble the databases we used that day. Hell, its a pretty good time to do neuroscience research in general I read recently that the state of Massachusetts is pouring a lot of money and a handful of partnerships into it. Will that shake my aspirations to be a practitioner instead of a researcher? I cant say yet, but the ethos of this class means that 9.12 could be the most convincing argument in favor of a life of research. If nothing else, itll certainly be the most eye-opening one. 21A.302 / WGS.271: Dilemmas in Biomedical Ethics This is probably the class Im looking forward to the most, and also the only one for which I havent yet attended any lecture, as none have come up yet. Its also another course that Ill have somewhat of an edge in, as I took 24.231 (Ethics) last fall. However, this class seems like less of an academic exercise and an analysis of the fundamental concepts, and more of a broad investigation of the not-so-philosophical concepts that come into play in tough medical decisions. As a doctor-to-be, its a class that I think I cant go without. A detail that too easily gets lost in the rigor of premedical academics is that, at the end of the day, youre treating human patients that come from a variety of backgrounds. Showing sensitivity and deferring to their beliefs and perspectives is only to their benefit and, as you pursue the best interests of your patients, to your own benefit, as well. Ill admit, though, that upholding this ideal might not be as easy as it sounds. Hopefully, this class should give me a better sense of what forces come into play in both affirming a patients beliefs and the principles of effective care. ^ Theres also a bunch of non-class stuff, but as I write down all of that other stuff and how it connects to the work Ive done this summer its sadly getting long enough to constitute its own blog post, and I have some work to finish before Monday. Ill have more ready at the end of next week, though!

Society s Reliance On Renewable Energy - 1526 Words

Society’s reliance on the burning of fossil fuels for energy threatens to harm the environment. Transitioning from a fossil fuel energy economy to a solar-based one will not harm the Earth. Rather than pursuing a harmful energy policy in which big corporations continue to overload the ecosystem with fossil fuels, society could be using local renewable energy sources. The fossil fuel companies who have grown rich extracting raw materials from the ground want to interfere and co-opt with the expansion of renewable energy. People need to start a solar revolution focusing on clean energy built from the grassroots up. It is necessary to begin transitioning to renewable sources and start adopting solar and wind power. Renewable energy has the ability to play a major role in the energy industry of the twenty-first century. Shell and other big oil companies are ironically investing in renewable energy sources. Environmental experts realize that renewable energy helps reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. They also predict that by the year 2050, renewable power may grow to supply half the world’s energy. It may seem unreachable, but generating electricity by using the constant power of the sun and wind is already a reality. Solar power relies on the energy produced by the sun, storing energy for nighttime as well. â€Å"This energy can be converted in many ways, such as simple water heating or by the direct conversion of sunlight to energy using mirrors or boilers† (Riley). Solar panelShow MoreRelatedJapan s Impact On The World1195 Words   |  5 PagesJapan has undergone significant changes in reliance on energy sources within the last five years. Unfortunately, these changes have often been sporadic and unpredictable for its government and citizens. Japan is the third largest oil importer and the second largest coal importing country today. Overall, Japan is the fifth largest consumer of global energy, yet imports almost all of its crude oil. Eve n more so, with a country that doubles its energy consumption every five years, its government isRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1419 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative energy includes forms that can be continuously renewed without the concern of the supply running out. Over the last two centuries, renewable energy has become much more popular, worldwide. Forms of renewable energy most popularly include solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Laws and regulations are constantly created to improve the forms of energy we use and the amount in which each form creates. Alternative energy is also referred to as renewable, and received its name from being theRead MoreSustainable Opportunities For Reducing Carbon Emissions And Climate Change Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdepleting the world s supply of natural resources and threatening to permanently alter the earth s climate. At the box office in 2006, Al Gore s An Inconvenient Truth eclipsed summer blockbusters and became a revolutionary documentary. The shocking images of melting ice caps, devastating natural disasters, droughts, oppressive heat waves, disease and famine, and all of the direct or indirect perils of unchecked human industry and greenhouse gas emissions captured the nation s attention and propelledRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effect On Our Health1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthe primary source of energy in Canada because of the inexpensiveness, but they are immensely affecting our society and environment. Fossil fuels have been our primary source of energy from a long time which accounts for a substantial amount of the carbon dioxide in the air. The demand for fossil fuels is still high and the supply is slowly decreasing since we have been using it. We should retire fossil fuels and standardize the use of alternative energy. 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This led to a decrease in economic activity that reflected as a decrease in the demand for energy in the form of oil. Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. Besides theseRead MoreThe Current Demand For Energy1224 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction Europe experienced two energy crises during the 1970s, which led to escalating demand for energy resources (specifically, oil) that could not be adequately supplied (Bonny, 1987; Donatos Mergos, 1989). This led to a decrease in economic activity that reflected as a decrease in the demand for energy in the form of oil. Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. BesidesRead MoreThe Current Demand For Energy1238 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction Europe experienced two energy crises during the 1970s, which led to escalating demand for energy resources (specifically, oil) that could not be adequately supplied (Bonny, 1987; Donatos Mergos, 1989). This led to a decrease in economic activity that reflected as a decrease in the demand for energy in the form of oil. Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. BesidesRead MoreEssay about The History of Windmills952 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the growth and position that society is in today. Its main purpose is to produce some kind of electricity or to power an item. It is also an example of green energy, which is energy that is produced from from the earth. By moving to green energy, society is reducing its reliance on other forms of energy that is produced using nonrenewable resources. Green energy is becoming more popular in society. â€Å"The future is green energy , sustainability, renewable energy,† said by Arnold SchwarzeneggerRead MoreOil Wells That Ends Wells Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe increased pollution that extracting the petroleum from the Alberta oil sands would cause. While some believe the pipeline would benefit the economy, the short term material benefits are minimal compared to the eternal reward of creating clean energy. While it is extremely difficult for the world to replace oil entirely, I believe we must attempt in order to save the planet. To begin, while â€Å"No snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible†, all our carbon footprints compound to create the

How The Renaissance Changed Man s View Of Man - 952 Words

How the renaissance changed man’s view of Man The renaissance changed Man’s view of the world and his place in it permanently. To know how it did just read this article it will talk about how artwork changed how the church lost its followers and much more.article. During the RenaissanceRenaissance, people of all cultural groups started to use their unique skills as a way of understanding innovative forms of politics, social reforms, and thinking. This new attitude started to form a modernistic wave of optimismoptimism; one that believed man was capable of accomplishing great things. Renaissance thinkers studied classical work for the prospect of discovering their own idealism. In contrast to the Middle Ages, the Renaissance changed man s view of man through the decline in religious authority, perspective in art, advancement in anatomical studies, and discovery of cutting-edge astronomy. Before the Renaissance, the Catholic Church was an important part of a system that was based on allegiances between lords and vassals (the feudal system). Society during the Renaissance shifted and became based on money instead of allegiances. The church had a hard time adapting to this new way of thinking. For example priests and monks had long served as the religious teachers of the peasants, but as the commercial class began to grow, the priests found that they knew very little about the needs of this new class of people. These actions only furtherShow MoreRelatedHow Did the Period of Renaissance Alter Man’s View of Man? Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance period was a truly enlightening period in history that birthed many great advancements in all fields of science, and inventions. How did the period of time we know as, â€Å"The Renaissance†, change or alter man’s view of man? Well, we know that in the Middle Ages, the Church had authority over most people, and people had very few rights. In 1400’s, the Middle Ages had ended and then began the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a monumental change in Europe which lasted for 300 years. HumanityRead MoreHamlet Character Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesWritten by William Shakespeare, Hamlet has a strong relationship with the authors society and era, being the late 1500’s to early 1600’s. Hamlet, a character is confliction with his society, shows different views and actions to his fellow Danish men. Shakespeare could create a character whom through Hamlet’s life choices, his own historical and cultural context and the state of Hamlet being in confliction with the Elizabethan-era and Nihilism showed immense differences from his society, which ShakespeareRead More Differentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Many historians felt that the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were one era. The debate centers around whether the Renaissance was a unique age or a continuation ofRead MoreTransitioning Of A Silhouette By Langston Hughes925 Words   |  4 PagesSilhouette During the years of the 1920 s through the early 1930 s, African Americans established themselves artistically, culturally and socially. This intellectual period was known as the Harlem Renaissance. The period of the Harlem Renaissance brought together black authors, musicians, and poets. One of the most notable poets of this era was Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes is considered one of leaders of this period. He s famously known for his controversial bodies of workRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance and Slave Narratives1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance began around the 1920’s and was the hub of African American artistic endeavors, with less discrimination, more freedom, and amazing strides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there a lso are differences, in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educatedRead MoreA World Lit Only By Fire Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Lit Only By Fire is William Manchester s attempt to write a book of popular history defending the increasingly unpopular view among historians that the medieval world was culturally, religiously, and technologically backward. This world was destroyed by the blossoming of confidence in reason and the progress of art, literacy, astronomy, geography, and theology. The book is divided into three chapters. The first chapter introduces Manchester s conception of the medieval mindset. The secondRead MoreEssay on Dbq Mini Q Renaissance Hq Student Fi2066 Words   |  9 PagesRenaissance Mini-Q Class Name ( hour): Name: How Did the Renaissance Change Mans View of Man? †¢ Overview: The word renai ssance means rebirth or revival. In world history, the Renaissance is used to describe a period in Europe that began around the year 1400 and lasted until about 1700. Thanks in large part to the scientific and cultural advances made during this time , people saw them ­ selves in a new way. The impact of the Renaiss ance was powerful and has endured for centuries.Read MoreWhat Was The Overall Impact Of The Harlem Renaissance1110 Words   |  5 Pages1929 considered the beginning of the end of the Harlem Renaissance? The financial support of African Americans by rich whites came to end after the Wall Street Crash. 22. Who is the author of Their Eyes Were Watching God and when was it published? The author of Their Eyes Was Watching God is Zora Neal Hurston and was published in 1973. 23. What was the overall impact of the Harlem Renaissance? The Harlem Renaissance help to how American view African American and their culture. The integration ofRead MoreAlbert Camus and Bohemian Rhapsody Comparison1695 Words   |  7 Pageshardships that Camus had to face, emphasized in his writings and literature. Camus’ work is very closely related to songs written and sung by a band named Queen. Queen’s song, â€Å"Bohemian Rhapsody†, is one of few songs, that correlate to Albert Camus views on the Absurd, which consist of simplifying the point of philosophy to mean life, a reasoning that the world, in general, is not a reasonable place, and realizing the consequences to believing in the absurd. Albert Camus wrote a numerous amount inspiringRead MoreThe Status And Perception Of Women928 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, rarely has a woman been able to fully embrace the stage without reservations. An analysis of research texts and journal articles reveals and connects the way that a queen of ancient times and one of the English Renaissance controlled their image, were affected by societal views of women, and were ultimately depicted. Scholarship on Cleopatra and Queen Elizabeth I relays the idea that society and patriarchy led to their respective authorities and depictions. Mary Hamer, author of Signs of Cleopatra

Two English language programmes implemented in school Free Essays

As general cognition English is of import linguistic communication in our life particularly in Malaysia instruction. In Malaysia pupils learn to listen, talk, read and compose in English. Therefore, the English Reading Corner and Contemporary Literature Programme are implementing in my school, SJKC KUO KUANG, Skudai, Johor. We will write a custom essay sample on Two English language programmes implemented in school or any similar topic only for you Order Now English Reading Corner, a corner in each category, school fix some reading stuffs such as fiction or non-fiction narrative books, lexicon, large books, magazines, newspaper and so on. Students allow to read the reading stuffs while they are free in the category or break clip. Contemporary Literature Programme, a programme under Education Department of our authorities. This is particularly for Year 4 to Year 6 students to read the literature books. The intent of this study is to present two English programme and province out the manner of implementing of the two programmes are keeping in my school. 2.0 Contemporary Literature Programme 2.1 Purposes and Aims There are two purposes of the Contemporary Literature Programme. As First, to assist students better their English through reading simple fiction. Second, to supply a continue for the literature constituent introduced in secondary school. There are six Numberss of aims of the Contemporary Literature Programme. By the terminal of their primary schooling, students should be able: To transfuse and all the reading wont among students. To enrich students ‘ vocabulary and linguistic communication content. To heighten students ‘ thought accomplishments. To advance cultural apprehension in the Malayan context. To better English Language proficiency of students. To develop good imaginativeness. 2.2 Duration The Contemporary Literature Programme was carried out whole twelvemonth for pupil twelvemonth 4, 5 and 6. For the teaching period on SJKC, we utilizing 1 English linguistic communication period every two weeks to learn students read their narrative book which is provide. 2.3 Target Group The Contemporary Literature Programme is mark on pupil Year 4, 5 and 6. No affair that they are good pupil or bad pupil they must develop in this programme. This programme precedence for under accomplishing schools and rural schools. The book chosen for each set are 40 % fiction books and 60 % non-fiction books. The full Student ‘s accomplishment will be recorded in Reading cards or books. 2.4 Report on execution With the implemented of the Contemporary Literature Programme, Our school design the programme based on 3 space. First, the intensive reading programme based on 3 prescribed texts per twelvemonth. Second, Genres consist of short narratives and verse forms. Third, every pupil provide with 3 books, with the premise that a pupil will be able to finish 1 book in 3 months. In our school we select the books which are suited for our pupil ; we choose the books based on 5 considerations. That is the subjects and rubrics that appeal to 10-12 twelvemonth olds, suited garrison size, and good quality paper. Beside this, taking suited linguistic communication for both rural and urban pupil is of import to increase their involvement. Last, choose the interesting plot line with embedded moral values so that they can go on to read. This programme is running on schoolroom clip that is structured into 3 phases, which is Pre-reading, While- reading and Post-reading. Because of we be aftering complete 1 book in 3 months so usually we separate it in one phase per month. We design the phase of reading in four instruction program and English instructor must province down all the activity they are be aftering. Teacher ever spend the clip steering with the students either as a whole category or in groups and students are non asked to get down with reading on their ain before they are ready. Here, I will describe on some activity ever been utilizing by English instructor to success this programme. In Pre-reading phase, Teacher will inquire students present the book screen, title page and besides ISBN page. Discuss artworks on the front screen of the book with students and inquire students to foretell the rubric of the narrative. Then, teacher will inquire students predict plot lines based on the given outline and where the narrative takes topographic point. Following, teacher introduces subjects utilizing object or image stimulations to association of thoughts and questionnaires on subjects in the reader. Beside this, instructor will discourse with students about the background information, such as, the writer ‘s life, finishing information grid utilizing writer ‘s life. Last, teacher introduces linguistic communication and vocabulary points before start reading to do them experience comfy when While-reading phase particularly hapless pupil. For illustration, inquire students happen out the hard word or vocabulary they are non understand the significance, so inquire them construct into group and happen out the significance utilizing dictionary by themself. In the 2nd phase of instruction, it is called that While-reading phase. This phase is of import to assist students understand the book. At the first, students will be given appropriate entry points in the narrative for them to foretell the narrative. Some instructor prefer allow their students speaking about the scene of the narrative and students fix a clip line in group to allow them understand the narrative. Following, instructor besides will inquire students to foretell results, instructor can accept all the reply if it is in the scope of acceptable. Teacher helps pupils to understand the plot line with prepare a narrative map in the group. Then, Teacher and students must speak about the characters in the narrative to place the characters and their features. Besides that, they can speak about the events in the narrative and role-play the events in the narrative and other students inquire to reply some simple inquiries to do certain they understand the events of the narrative. Las t, pupils ask to re-tell portion of the narrative in one ‘ ain word to better their assurance while speaking. In the last phase, Post-reading activities are carried out after students have read the whole book. It is sound like contemplation. They are to research beyond the text by utilizing the text as a footing. The activity etc. reassign information from the text into a notice, an advertizement or a missive. Teacher will assist students develop their critical and originative thought accomplishments such as ask students talk about one ‘s favourite event in the narrative. Teacher will be develop pupils composing accomplishments from book reappraisal or do a pagination in group. Besides that, Some instructor like to inquire students do the vocabulary edifice activities to group words harmonizing to classs to assist them maintain in memory. 2.5 Strengths and failings of Programme The execution of Contemporary Literature Programme was success. The students can read at the terminal of category. However, there were some strength and failings found when transporting out this programme. Strengths of the Contemporary Literature Programme are we work hard to taking suited book for pupil to promote they read more on clip to clip. Teacher steering the pupil in schoolroom clip so that when they have job of reading or Confuse the significance of the word instructor can work out the job on the topographic point to heighten the effectivity of learning. Beside this, pupils reading in category with their schoolmate can increase the feelings between friends and they will experience Learning are non entirely. They besides love the activity like games, crossword mystifier, it can do they experience that this clip of reading is different in other period, is like playing non analyze, but they study when they are playing. Unfortunate every programme has failings. After us running in school we recognize that this programme merely reading in schoolroom is good but non plenty for our pupil they are more interested in singing and moving. And the continuance of this programme is non plenty because when we utilizing 1 English linguistic communication period every two weeks is merely do them read a few book merely. Now a twenty-four hours, our pupil largely involvement in Virtual universe like cyberspace or on-line games more that reading books, if we maintaining utilizing old manner to learning we become disused in the hereafter. 2.6 Suggestions and recommendations In order to do Contemporary Literature Programme successful in the hereafter, I would wish to give some suggestions and recommendations. First, it is suggested that the continuance of Contemporary Literature Programme to be teach in 1 period per hebdomad same with SK. That will enable students reading more books and instructor can make more activity with students excessively. Second, activity of instruction can be more interesting and different types of activity such as moving the characters, holding little competition and given some present to promote preform more active in category or holding a marionette show and so on. I am certain that interested activity will be more attractive. Last, instructors should utilize information engineering in their schoolrooms illustration teacher utilizing PowerPoint or flash to demo the outline of the book, secret plan, subject or characters briefly, I think this is the manner to raise the involvement of students, and students will be more dressed ore in our instruction, more response from students mean that our programme is success and meaningful. 3.0 English Reading Corner Programme 3.1 Purposes and Aims The purpose of English Reading Corner is to develop involvement of reading English Language stuffs among students and consolidate their basic linguistic communication from age of seven. While reading the stuffs, students learn the accomplishments of reading, speech production, composing and grammar from the related activities. There are seven Numberss of aims of the English Reading Corner. By the terminal of their primary schooling, students should be able: To promote students pass on in English while they are giving their feeling. To better spelling while students composing the reading studies. To consolidate the BASIC of English and grammar accomplishment. To heighten the bravery speaking and showing their reading study to audience. To develop reading intelligence among students. To transfuse moral values. To enrich students ‘ vocabulary and linguistic communication content. 3.2 Duration The English Reading Corner was carried out whole twelvemonth in our school from the 1s t twenty-four hours student in school. Students are reading all sort of reading stuffs while they are free in schoolroom, after instructor ‘s teaching period, after completing their prep or at the interruption clip. Teachers spend some times to prepaid for this corner and doing some activities after their text edition instruction in category. 3.3 Target Group The English Reading Corner Programme is target on all the students in school ( Year 1 to Year 6 ) . The English instructors of every category as a coach for the students to promote them to read, to compose, to describe and doing some activities after the students reading a book or intelligence. Besides of instructors as a coach, the better students can be a coach to assist those schoolmates who do non understand while they are reading. Students can larn each other to acquire new information and cognition. 3.4 Report on execution There will hold many sorts of reading stuffs in the English Reading Corner, such as narrative books, large books, magazines, newspapers, dictionary and so on. All of these reading stuffs are taking out from school library or patrons by students. The English Language Panel in school will discourse in the English Language meeting and so taking the suited reading stuffs before the school start. The Story book and large book is taking from school library based on criterion of our pupil. The newspapers – â€Å" New Straits Times † or â€Å" The Star † or magazines are sponsor by each category students. They bring from their place to portion the information with their friend in category. Students are allow and promote to read these reading stuffs while they are free in the schoolroom, after instructor ‘s teaching period, after completing their prep or at the interruption clip. English teacher as a coach are ready to assist the students who meet jobs while they are reading. Apart from this, the first-class pupils besides can be the coach and assisting their schoolmates who meet jobs. There are dictionary in the corner. Junior students like Year 1 pupil can utilize it to larn how to utilizing dictionary and senior students can utilizing it to look into the vocabulary that they are non understood. Teacher will name a group of pupil to manage this English corner, responsibility of them is make certain the corner clean and tidy, assisting schoolmate while they are holding job. And need to mend when book are rake or breakage. Sometimes, after the text edition instruction in an English Language period, instructors will doing some interesting activities such as story-telling, recite verse form, brainstorming of IQ inquiries, crossword mystifier and so on in the English Reading Corner. There are some activities can make in the corner. First, pupils read a short narrative or an article from magazine or newspaper. After that, the pupils can state the narrative to their friends, portion their narrative each other. Then, teacher guides the pupils to do a study or speaking about their feeling in forepart of the category. This can heighten their bravery while speaking and showing the reading study to the audience. At the interim, instructor encourages others students to inquire some inquiries or speak about their sentiment related to the study or feeling. So, a conversation is making between the students and instructor. These can better their speech production and listening accomplishments. Besides, teacher guides the students to associate the study or feeling with the moral values. This is one of the manner instructors can transfuse the moral values to the students and bring forth a good attitude coevals. Second, after students reading in the corner, they are composing a study and go through up to their instructors. In their reading study, they need to do a decision sing what they had read. From the decision, students have to name out the rubric of book or article, what they have learned and what the moral values in the narrative or an article from newspaper or magazine. Virtually, students are larning the good attitude to form their thoughts. This is besides bettering their authorship, spelling and grammar accomplishments. 3.5 Strengths and failings The English Reading Corner was success. All the instructors and parents gave to the full support and cooperation. Students are bettering in their hearing, speech production, reading, composing and grammar. Students can pass on in English. The worst students can talk in simple and short sentences excessively. Their authorship accomplishments improve twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Their betterment makes them go more assurance and some of them start to love English. They feel proud when communicate eloquence in English. And experiencing glorious because of household and friends praised. Students get more cognition after reading newspaper in the English Reading Corner. This type of cognition non merely from school input but worldwide. Students can larn the new words and vocabulary after reading the narrative and look intoing the significance utilizing the lexicon. The failings of this programme, instructors lack of times because they need more times to steer students to speak, to believe, to give sentiment in the English Reading Corner besides of their day-to-day instruction to cover the text edition and workbook course of study. In SJKC, there are non more than 6 periods of English period in a hebdomad. Teachers truly do n’t hold adequate clip to run this programme swimmingly. The reading stuffs are one of the failings. Story books in school are non plenty and some of the stuffs are non suited for the Year 1 to Year 3 pupils. Most of the narrative books are non interesting as they have no colourss, no images and full page of article. These make students experience bored on them. Dictionary, every English Reading Corner merely got one lexicon. A category of pupils portions a lexicon, that truly non plenty. 3.6 Suggestions and recommendations In order to do the English Reading Corner more eloquence in future, instructors can pass some times after school to transport on this programme. We can set up the clip and do a timetable, so that is convenience to the students and instructors to remain back after school. Then, instructors can concentrate and cover their learning while in category. Besides that, we besides need to hold some account with parent to allow them understand that and set up their timetable to pick up their kid. Second, I suggest that school can utilizing the instruction fund or PIBG fund to purchase more interesting reading stuffs that are suited for primary school pupils particularly Year 1 to Year 3 students. The books must be colourful and full of attractive images such as large books. The juniors prefer that sort of books really much because large books give nice ocular effects and the narrative lines are attractive. Even the seniors besides like this sort of book really much. Dictionaries are much needed excessively. A lexicon is the good assistant in student survey live. 4 Decision It is hoped that the English Reading Corner Programme and Contemporary Literature Programme that is implementing by the English Language Panel of my school, SJKC KUO KUANG, Skudai, Johor can be benefitted by all pupils form Year 1 to Year 6 ; no affair they are superb or weak pupil. Hope that every student in my school can read right, listen clearly, speak assurance and good written. Based on the failings and recommendations, the English Language Panel of my school besides hope that to foster better the English Reading Corner Programme and Contemporary Literature Programme in twelvemonth 2012 in order to do usage of English Language more seeable in our school.States the intent and outlines the content of the study compactly at the start. Historical background is so provided. Clear, well-organised Table of Contentss. How to cite Two English language programmes implemented in school, Essay examples

Military Downsizing

Table of Contents Introduction Stakeholders Impacts Management of Downsizing in the Military Recommendations Conclusion References Introduction Downsizing first gained popularity, as an organizational change, in the 1980s and early 1990s in America. It is an effort to make organizations lean and mean to withstand an increasingly tough industrial climate (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Military Downsizing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay discusses downsizing as an organizational change in the U.S. military. It describes stakeholders’ interests and the approach used in management of change. Furthermore, the essay recommends actions that would minimize adverse effects of downsizing. Stakeholders The military serves the national government’s responsibility of keeping the nation safe from external aggression. The military forms a triad together wit h economic and political elements to guarantee national security. A number of structural policies and strategies guide the military; these provide explanations on the business of the military and the values it upholds. The main policy governing the military is the national security policy. Under the national security policy, there are the strategies for formulation, economic planning and political planning of the military. The military has limited resources, however, the threats it deals with are global. Therefore, the military has to exercise a judgment of the most important interests to pursue based on its substance and intensity. The strategic planning process powers the decision to downsize the military. Historically there have been two approaches for planning the military downsizing. One approach is threat based which prevailed during the Cold War. The magnitude and frequency of threats during this period informed the calculated size of the military. In addition, the national c ommand decides on the appropriation of regional and functional commands in a precise way that is coherent to key policy makers. Another approach to planning occurs when threats are ambiguous. Under this condition, threat scenarios are unclear and less useful to planning. Therefore, military planners consider general missions and their objectives. They develop approaches to deal with uncertain conditions.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the military strategic plan at any given time is always about shaping up the international environment. Secondly, it is a consideration of a response to the continuum of crises and lastly, a preparation for the present and future uncertainties. Global conditions facing the military are dynamic. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on the specific interests, which the military should protect and promote. A combination of the lack of consensus and the risk of short-term factors influence politicians to advocate for deployment of military from one crisis to the next. The military needs to have always a grand strategy to meet the high expectations using its limited resources. The judgment to the correct size of military force is a political one and considers the prevailing conditions of a given time. The judgment includes an explicit and implicit grand strategy committing public resources, a summary of the expectations of vital interests and a demarcation of likely problems (Gargan, 1999). The main cause of downsizing in the military is to save on cost. Military stakeholders, namely Congress and the public identify civilian workforce as a significant cost driver. Moreover, civilian reductions are necessary in line with the restructuring of the military and the reduction of military funding from the state. Between 1993 and 1999, the DOD carried out a 19 per cent reduction of its civilian workforce. The civ ilian workforce reduction happened on specific workforce groups within the military. These groups included the procurement, finance functions, supervisors and headquarters staff (Cameron, 1998). Impacts The consequences of downsizing the military in the last decade have been an increased workload on the military. The workload has resulted to an increased tension between personnel and the resources available. The main culprit of this tension is the quality and quantity of combat training. Gradually the quality of life of military personnel also deteriorates. Moreover, the limited use of the existing military equipment contributes to their premature aging. Deployment present new demands to personnel and have had a negative impact for the highly skilled ones.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Military Downsizing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, air force pilots find it hard to cope in their depl oyed positions and decide to quit. The result is an insufficient supply of expertise. Additionally, the existing personnel faces a hard time meeting their workload requirements. Although publicly the Pentagon appears ready for any war, in the event that there are two consecutive wars, it cannot win because it lacks the resources to meet its basic strategic goals. Long-term impacts of downsizing include the inability of assigned units to respond to conflict situations. Moreover, fewer units lead to a reduced number of command positions throughout the military. Unfortunately, for the military, promotion to a higher rank requires one to have the necessary experience and downsizing limits these positions for promotion. The limited numbers of high-ranking positions prompts officers to micro manage out of the fear of making mistakes that would deny them a promotion (Cameron, 1998). Another setback for the military as it downsized was the loss of its core competence. As the military contra cts out core functions, it has to relearn their execution. Outsourcing allowed military personnel to gain employment elsewhere but came at a price for the military to learn how to use products designed elsewhere (Huntington, 1999). Management of Downsizing in the Military According to Cameron (1998), large organizations have an uphill task when they decide to downsize and mostly end up worse off. Analysis of the impact of downsizing for any organization will use two variables of overall effectiveness and performance factors that associate with organizational improvement. Current public debate supports the downsizing of the military. This is not surprising given the present level of national debt and a military size rivaling a combination of other militaries in the world. One argument for the downsizing of the military is to increase its reliance of new technologies. However, political interests in Congress limit the number of military bases that can be closed; consequently, this lim its the gains in technological use (Huntington, 1999). Congress is always willing to shrink military budget when there is no war but has to consider the impact of other industries depending on military expenditure. Most military units contract constituents and this fact presents a dilemma to congressional representatives on where to cut the military budget. A huge sum of the military budget goes to personnel hence, downsizing efforts first target personnel.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similar to other government levels, the military employs hiring freezes to limit its growth. Additionally, it lets positions disappear by deliberately failing to promote individuals to vacant positions. Another common approach has been to induce early retirements by offering cash incentives (Nat, 2010). The beginning of military downgrading in early 1990 focused on eliminating excesses and redundancies. As the downsizing got underway, the redundancies no longer formed part of the reasons for downsizing due to their elimination. Similarly, there was need for frequent communication between units that performed well and those that did not. However, later on, it was no longer necessary because of the realization of downsizing targets. Within the military, overall downsizing has had bad effects however; positive effects on the top management are worth mentioning. This positive effect is likely to be a result of the different way in which the military responded to downsizing issues. Where as normal organizations wait for a crisis to prompt their downsizing, the military anticipates this change in advance. Secondly, on the issue of vision, the military at any given time has an articulated strategic vision of the future while most organizations have a short-term vision. The military looks at its competencies in the future and carefully analyses its activities to streamline them. On the other hand most organizations move into an across the board downsizing effort without any prioritization. In terms of resources, the military focuses on its work requirement and cases of minimum resource levels while a typical organization will undertake a massive cutback to reduce the bottom line. The military uses a multi scenario approach that creates flexibility and target specific functions. Contrariwise, normal organizational downsizing strategy is to use a single approach and target workers. On human resource, the military considers personnel to be resources while normal organizat ions see personnel as costs. The military downsizing of the last decade happened during a transformation of the strategic role of the military. The entire organization was moving from a war strategy to a peacekeeping strategy. Under such circumstances, normal organizations would focus on the survival of the present crisis. The military, while looking at the present crisis, also analyzed its core competency after the downsizing. There was a consensus on the overall goal of the organization and each level of military was engaged in identifying its central competency (Gargan, 1999). During the last decade, the military undertook a resource requirement survey to determine how much the organization can endure while retaining its capability of accomplishing its strategic vision. Workload and skill transportability analysis formed the main criteria for determining the correct interpretation of the survey. Moreover, alternative employments methods, identification of disruptions in current e mployment levels in relation to the military mandates employment levels for individual units and a projection for future growth were other key considerations. The military used a transitional strategy to move current employees into positions and units that ranked higher in priority on the downsizing program. Positions that did not form a strategic importance to the goal of the military become transitional and their occupants effectively become transitional employees. Gradually all transitional employees relocated into positions that are more important, rendering the transitional position obsolete (Gargan, 1999). Recommendations The difference in the success of the top command downsizing and that of the overall military lays in its execution. The military downsizing effort relies on a specific headcount rather than cost savings or revenue increase as in many organizations. Thus, it is very difficult for the military to execute the downsizing. Furthermore, a limited budget amid a proj ected resource requirement increase further ties the hands of the military. Stakeholders comprising of the public and Congress would not allow the military to increase its head count. Proper leadership plays a key role in downsizing. When leaders are visionary, motivate their organization and are accessible, then organizational downsizing will have positive results. Additionally, the procedure used in downsizing influences its impact on employees. The procedure used should fairly redesign work and provide sufficient time for planning and preparation. There should be proper management of procedures such as reduction of redundancies and wait times. Teams’ execution of work is appropriate and the workflow should be synchronous with other operations of the organization. Above all, there should be no mention or presentation of downsizing as a threat within the organization (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). Management of the effectiveness and performance improvement of downsizing is possible because these factors depend on actions rather than the environment. Actions can be planned and implemented; however, environmental factors are beyond the control of managers. Cameron (1998) further notes that the manner of downsizing presents no significant effect on its effectiveness. Thus, it does not matter whether downsizing happens through layoffs, buyouts or any other means. Moreover, Cameron (1998) disputes the importance of changes done in the appraisal systems and reduction of management levels. Although these factors form the focus downsizing reports, they influence little improvement in efficacy and performance. These factors become important when they are absent; however, their minimization also acts as a procedural effect of downsizing. The main factors accounting for real impact of downsizing lay under management control. Conclusion The real impact of downsizing the military is subject to interpretation bias. Different stakeholders have their own perception of the effectiveness, processes and procedures. Nevertheless, there are key points emerging from the whole process of organizational change that should form the benchmark for successful downsizing. In the initial stages of downsizing, an always-present and visionary leadership is important. Secondly, there should be a fair and gradual implementation of the program. The staffs remaining and those leaving the organization need supporting and an equal participation chance. Lastly, the effectiveness of downsizings depends on its perception stakeholders. Therefore, its presentation needs to demonstrate that it is an opportunity for crucial improvement of the organization. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S., Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizing in America: reality, causes and consequences. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Cameron, K. S. (1998). Downsizing: an extreme case. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 185-229. Gargan, J. J. (1999). To defend a nation: an overview of do wnsizing and the U.S. military. Management, 2(3), 221-232. Huntington, S. P. (1999). The lonely superpower. Foreign Affairs, 78(2), 35-49. Nat, W. (2010). Downsizing the military needs to happen. Web. This research paper on Military Downsizing was written and submitted by user Kenny Hartman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.